Biography of Sarah Boone

If youve ever tried to iron a shirt, you can appreciate how difficult it is to iron the sleeves. Dressmaker Sarah Boone tackled this problem and invented an improvement to the ironing board in 1892 that would make it easier to press sleeves without introducing unwanted creases. She was one of the first black women to receive a patent in the United States. Life of Sarah Boone, Inventor Sarah Boone began life as Sarah Marshall, born in 1832. In 1847, at age 15, she married freedman James Boone in New Bern, North Carolina. They moved north to New Haven, Connecticut before the ​Civil War. She worked as a dressmaker while he was a brick mason. They had eight children. She lived in New Haven for the rest of her life. She died in 1904 and is buried in Evergreen Cemetery. She filed her patent July 23, 1891, listing New Haven, Connecticut  as her home. Her patent was published nine months later. There is no record found of whether her invention was produced and marketed. Sarah Boones Ironing Board Patent Boones patent was not the first for an ironing board, despite what you may see in some listings of inventors and inventions. Folding ironing board patents appeared in the 1860s. Ironing was done with irons heated on the stove or fire, using a table that was covered with a thick cloth. Often women would simply use the kitchen table, or prop a board on two chairs. Ironing would usually be done in the kitchen where the irons could be heated on the stove. Electric irons were patented in 1880 but didnt catch on until after the turn of the century. Sarah Boone patented an improvement to the ironing board (U.S. Patent #473,653) on April 26, 1892. Boones ironing board was designed to be effective in ironing the sleeves and bodies of ladies garments. Boones board was very narrow and curved, the size and fit of a sleeve common in ladies garments of that period. It was reversible, making it easy to iron both sides of a sleeve. She noted that the board could also be produced flat rather than curved, which might be better for the cut of the sleeves of mens coats. She noted that her ironing board would also be well-suited for ironing curved waist seams. Her invention would be most convenient to have for pressing sleeves even today. The typical folding ironing board for home use has a tapered end that can be useful for pressing necklines of some items, but sleeves and pant legs are always tricky. Many people simply iron them flat with a crease. If you dont want a crease, you have to avoid ironing over the folded edge. Finding storage for a home ironing board can be a challenge when you live in a small space, Compact ironing boards are one solution that is easier to put into a cupboard. Boones ironing board may look like an option youd prefer if you iron lots of shirts and pants and dont like creases.

What Are Human Rights Essay - 1152 Words

The rights you have simply because you are human Every single human being on this planet has rights (What Are Human Rights, n.d). These rights are given to us through birth, and the day I was asked, what my human rights were, I found myself speechless. I did not know how to answer the question, which at the time sounded so easy. I forgot about the question that had me so puzzled, and just brushed it off, ironically six month later I get an assignment on the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. After reading this historic document, I realized how important human rights are. I believe most people take human rights for granted, we know they exist, but we don’t even know what they are and what they entail. This made me think†¦show more content†¦After World War II, the document called â€Å"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights† with the thirty rights (articles) to which all people are authorized to have(UDHR, 1948). The idea of â€Å"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights† was to d escribe in detail the rights that all people were entitled to in the world, in hopes to preventing anymore wars like the two world wars, which resulted in millions of people’s deaths and destruction of many countries(UDHR, 1948). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was accepted around the world as the document which defined the thirty rights that all people where entitled to, no matter where you were from, lived, born or did(UDHR, 1948). It seems as if many organizations have in some way adapted to the principles of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, this is evident at â€Å"Saint Leo University†. Saint Leo University has incorporated six core values into the heart of the Universities community. These core values are Excellence, Community, Respect, Personal Development, Responsible Stewardship, and Integrity(Saint Leo University, n.d). While evaluating these core values, I thought to myself, what do any of these values have to do with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights? While I’m sure this can be a debatable subject, I feel that two out of the sixShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Human Rights?1289 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Human rights? Human rights are the moral philosophy or norms that illustrate certain standards of human behaviour, and are regularly confined as legal rights in national and international law. Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, colour, sex ,place of residence, national or ethnic origin, religion, language, or any other status. It is our right to know about human rights without discrimination. These rights has significances of interrelated, interdependentRead MoreWhat Are Human Rights?1966 Words   |  8 Pages What are human rights? Human rights are the fundamental rights and freedoms that belong to all people. 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The trappings of democracy - in the form of free elections - are in place, yet the state is increasingly hollowedRead MoreWhat are your perceptions on the universal declaration of human rights would you like to amend any of the articles or add a new article to the declaration?1732 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are your perceptions on the universal declaration of human rights would you like to amend any of the articles or add a new article to the declaration? In:  International Laws [Edit categories] Answer: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is half a century old, but critics are still asking whether anything in our multicultural, diverse world can be truly universal. Some ask, isnt human rights an essentially Western concept, ignoring the very different cultural, economic and political realitiesRead MoreDefinition of Human Rights Across the Globe1601 Words   |  7 PagesHuman rights is implicated as a worldwide significant right obtained by which an individual is genetically categorized as a human being. Thus, human rights are comprehended as a national and international right, claiming that each anthropomorphous being is considered an equal including equality for gender, race, and religion. These rights may be obtained by natural or legal authority, depending on territory, religion, national and international laws according to courts assuring that they are constructedRead MoreTrade Between Human And Human Rights1428 Words   |  6 Pages1 Introduction Thesis: Today,the trade is changing our life,and fair trade is very important to us. It terms of the human rights history, the impact from globalization, the trade with different countries,and to solve how can keep balance between trade and human rights. Trade vs Human Rights is a great important issue in the international economy, especially in developing countries and developed countries.Trade is defined as â€Å"the act or process of buying, selling, or exchanging commodities, atRead MoreViolation of Human Rights820 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"What are human rights?† When asked this question, many people would list 2 to 3 basic rights, the ones you learn in school basically, like the right to speak freely, to eat, to have a proper education†¦ But that is not even half of the human rights. In the early ages, they were no human rights to abide by. Every country or culture had its own regulations and rules. However, in the beginning of World War II (What are human rights par1), an idea emerged entitled â€Å"freedom†. With it came out a documentRead MoreUniversal Human Rights And Universal Rights1312 Words   |  6 PagesUniversal human rights are those that apply to everyone no matter where they come from, who they are or what they do. They are held by the individual person and protect them from other people and/or collectives (Bell,1999). Human rights instruments found today are also compared to those in religions and ancient civilisations that have contributed towards the understanding of human dignity (James, 2007). There are many arguments on whether human rights are universally achievable and if they have alreadyRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1396 Words   |  6 Pages The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, (UNDR) was adopted by the United Nations in 1948 with the intention off providing a moral standard for judging an individual state’s treatment of it’s citizens. Yet to this day a debate rages between scholars such as Jack Donnely and Michael Goodhart as to whether the principles expressed within the UNDR are not only universal but actully culturally relative. When drafting the UNDR, the term â€Å"universal† was meant to show that the declaration â€Å"was

Evolution of Computer Technology Free Essays

Several centuries have been taken toward the development of inventions made by different people into modern forms. Single inventors rarely bring out modern invention. What we have now as electronic devices (the computers) are inventions of several scientists, mathematicians and engineers from different centuries. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of Computer Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the purpose of this mini research key terms like evolution, technology and computer shall be considered, not forgetting to take a careful look at the evolution of these inventions from different centuries/years to our present generation starting from the earliest known device. The characteristics of these devices from generation to generation and their classification according to sizes, functions and uses shall also be discussed. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS Evolution: Evolution is a gradual development that occurs in a particular place or thing. Technology: This is the use of mechanical arts and applied science. Technology here refers to systems, methods of organization and techniques. Computer:A computer is a programmable mechanical device that accepts information or inputs, stores and manipulates data and brings out the result or output in numerical format.COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM A general purpose computer has four major components namely: arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), control unit, memory and input/output devices. These parts are interconnected by buses often made of groups of wires. ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU) This unit carries out arithmetic and logic operations. According to Stokes (2007), the set of arithmetic operations that a particular arithmetic and logic unit supports may be limited to adding and subtracting or might include multiplying or dividing functions ( sine, cosine, etc) and square roots.While others represent real numbers with the use of floating point, some can only operate on whole numbers (integers) albeit, with limited precision. Arithmetic operation could be carried out by any programmed computer. Logic operation can be useful both for creating complicated conditional statements and processing Boolean logic. THE CONTROL UNIT The control unit which is often called a control system or central controller, manages the computer’s various components. It reads and interprets (decodes) the program instructions, transforming them into a series of control signals which activate other parts of the computer. In order to improve performance, the control system in advanced computer may change the order of some instructions. FUNCTION OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM It reads the codes for the next instruction from the cell indicated by the program counters. It decodes the numerical code for the instruction into a set of commands or signals for each of the other systems. Whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory are read by the control system. Necessary data to an arithmetic and logic unit or register is also provided by the control system.If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, it instructs the hardware to perform the requested operation. It writes the results from the ALU back to a memory location or to a register or perhaps an output device. It could be observed that the sequence of operations gone through by the control unit to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program. MEMORY The memory of a computer is seen as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered address and can store a single number.Anything such as numbers, letters can be represented by the information stored into the memory with equal ease. Software gives significance to what the memory sees as series of numbers. In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in gaps of 8bits or bytes. Each byte representing 256 different numbers (Stokes 2007). Several consecutive numbers may be used to store larger numbers. Computer memory is of two types or principal varieties: The Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).Random Access Memory according to Inyang and Umoh (2003), is a part of primary memory that holds the programs being executed and the data to be worked upon. RAM also stores the result of a processed data, waiting to be transferred to output device or secondary storage device. It is a temporary memory and the content of RAM is erased when a computer is turned off and data stored in it can instantly be accessed. The storage of RAM is expressed in megabytes and its capacity or size limited. An area of RAM set aside for storage of most frequently accessed information is the CACHE memory. It is a temporary high speed data holding area between the memory and the central processing unit. RAM has four parts: the conventional memory which consist of the first 640KB of RAM, used by operating system and device drivers; Upper Memory Bound (UMB) located between 640KB and 1MB of RAM, used by device drivers: extended memory (XMS) which include direct access memory above 1MB; and Expended memory: a special part of ram that is up to 32MB and exists outside the conventional memory. Read only memory (ROM) is preloaded with data and software that never changes, so the central processing unit (CPU) can only read it.ROM is typically used to store the computer’s initial start up instructions. It retains its data indefinitely. In a personal computer (PC), ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer’s operating system from the hard disc drive into RAM whenever the computer is turn on or reset. All of the required software may be stored in ROM in embedded computers which frequently do not have disc drives. Software stored in ROM is referred to as firmware because it is more like hardware than software. INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICEMeans by which information between the computer and outside world is exchanged is known as input/output. Peripheral includes input devices like keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disc drives, floppy disc drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices. HISTORY OF COMPUTER Computer technology has changed today world to a global village. Since the field of computer is a vast sea, there are many options and benefits one can get from it. Internet is constant and rapidly growing source of information. People can get information or piece of required knowledge from any part of the world by just a few clicks on the websites. There is a rise in the need of more websites and knowledgeable sources as information is much easier to access. The early men counted by means of matching one set of object with another set. The history of modern computer begins with two separate technologies: automated calculation and programmability. The earliest known computing device was called ABACUS. It is the first counting device that was developed about 500BC (Umoh and Inyang, 2003).It is made up of wood and beads. It has a role of any number of parallel wires, rods or grooves on or in slide of small beads or blocks. Strung beads which have different values were manually used to operate abacus. Bars were used in dividing the Abacus into two parts perpendicular to the rods. Bits moved in active position towards the bars and the ones towards the frame are ignored. Each bar signifies digits and least significant digits were on the right. Abacus was used in calculating (i. e. adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing) numbers by moving the bit complex.In the 9th century, the Persian Mathematician Abu, Abdullah Muhammad Bin Musa Al-Khwarizni developed the concept of a written process followed to achieve some goals, and published a book on the subject that gave us its modern name Algorithm. In 1623, Wilhelm Schikard, a German Scientist invented a machine that used eleven complete and six incomplete sprocketed wheels that could add and with the aid of logarithm tables, multiply and divide. Many inventions have taken several centuries to develop into the modern forms and modern inventions are rarely the product of a single inventor’s effort.Many people each added a small contribution towards the development of the bits and pieces of a computer (including the software). Each person in this work contributed a part towards the development of computers. In 1642, a 19year old French boy, a philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal invented a mechanic al adding machine called a Mechanical Calculator. It is like a modern desk calculator and contains numbers of wheel and uses gear system to perform arithmetic operations. Computations are carried out by a process of integer counting.In 1801, Punch cards were invented by a French Weaver called Joseph Marie Jacquard. These Punch Cards allowed his loom to automatically weave intricate patterns. Different parts were used in storing different patterns of holes that produced different designs. Punch Cards are used in processing information in computers. The fusion of automatic calculation with programmability produced the first recognized computers. Charles Babbage, British Mathematician and inventor, invented mechanical computing machine – Babbage’s Analytical Engine.In 1820, it carried out complex arithmetic operations and made decisions based on its own computations. It was self-controlled and had two important parts which are the storage unit with memory device and arithmetic unit known as the Mill. It was the world’s first digital computer. Babbage’s contributed the idea of conditional transfer which gave way to comparison of quantities and modification of programs. The idea of a sequence of punch cards to produce a more flexible design was borrowed from the Jacquard’s pattern weaving loom. It performed functions like additions, subtraction, division and multiplication. How to cite Evolution of Computer Technology, Papers

Significance of Managers in Achieving Organizational Success

Question: Discuss the significance Of managers in achieving organizational success for a company. Analisys on how size and strategy of a company can affect its organisational structure. Answer: Introduction Every management of any organization has to bear some accountability and responsibility to ensure that the organization able to fulfilled its objectives. Setting objectives, controlling work, reviewing results, applying corrective action and providing an environment that stimulates and motivates their employees to achieve their goal are the Management activities. Manager Manager is an individual who direct and delegates the work of their subordinate to achieve the organizational goals. His achievement is not personal but helping other subordinate to do their job perfectly. There are different level of Managers are classified in the organization (Romme and Barrett, 2010). Top level managers are the board of directors, president, vice-president, CEO, and other similar positions. They are accountable for planning and directing the entire company. Middle level managers are mainly general managers, branch managers, and department managers, all of whom are responsible for the top level management functions of their departments. There work is mostly coordinating and organizing their subordinates. First level managers are including supervisors, foremen, and similar positions. They mainly are focusing on staffing and motivating activities. Management Management is define by the individual who organize an companys structure and decide that at what way different opportunity of the company will interact. It is mainly have some basic functions: planning, organizing, staffing, leading, controlling, and motivating their employees to fulfill their organizational goal. There are numerous steps of management will coordinate in different parts of this structure process, which starts with higher level management creates the very first level organizational architecture and structure (Hewlett, 2013). Organizational structure mainly architect is mainly a function based on systematic process and according to that searching the different parts of organization that can ensure that these people are function together as an effective and efficient in the entire process. Now days companys architect is not so fixed in modern organizations. Management should effectively adapt organizational design to many technological improvements, challenges, and opp ortunities to settle down all competitive output. Organization An organization is a particular arrangement of individuals to achieve many specific goals, which is composed of people who develops some particular structure for members to do their work. There are some features are important to define an organization, the definition for an organization is changes with the time frame (Mead and Gruenberg, 2013). The feature of new organizations of nowadays includes flexible employee work teams, work arrangements, and open communication. There are more open and flexible changes in organizations. Its changing by following changes all around the world. These economical and technological changes in environment successfully enhance the achievement of the organizations (Woods, 2007). The Significance Of Managers In Achieving Organizational Success For A Company Sometimes managers are motivating and inspiring their subordinate. Sometimes employees are not motivated by their managers. There are many industry have created the ultimate techniques of creating bad manager. Real managers are having needed to understand the right techniques of being more efficient. Whenever employees decide to quit their job, the main reason behind that is their relationship with managers and subordinates (Estrada, 2012). An efficient manager takes accountability for ensure that each person in his department achieve their goal. Successful managers want both talented and skilled people. Management skills are all about developing people through training, mentoring, and experience. The entire efficient manager and their peer are identified and developed in a proactive organization. There are many successful traits of management for example relationships, development, communication etc. COMMUNICATION A manager with strength and load communication capability is able to delegate work with that he should be a good listener. Managers are maintaining their capability through their effective communication. Conversely, those who are not able to communicate effectively can miss the opportunity to be a successful manager in the organization. Leadership Leadership skill is a very important trait of most of managers is not able to get the title of a leader in the organization. It is very simple framework for organizations to enhance the capability of employees achieve the goal. Good leaders are always able to provide trust to their organization, employees, and peers (ErÄ ulj, 2009). Adaptibility Adaptability is an ability to contribute to a managers efficiency. A good manager is always able to adjust an unexpected circumstance quickly. Adaptability can also define as a means that a manager can think creatively and get the solution of any problem soon. Relationship Building Relationship building is an initial feature of an efficient manager who is able to make a strong relationship with their peers and colleagues Developing Others Manager who have good attitude always having features of developing others. They always have that understanding that employees under him need more development over the period of time. Developing Themselves An efficient manager is always having knowledge about their own development. Good managers always have willingness to grow and learn. They are always trying to enhance their behavior with their fellows and colleagues Analisys On How Size And Strategy Of A Company Can Affect Its Organisational Structure Organizational structure is the design of an organization which is used by their management and through communication processes to follow the companys policies and rules (Drewitt, 2012).Some internal and external factors are hazards the organizational structure of the organization. Size Of The Business Size of any organization is a driving factor for any kind of big and small business. Home based and smaller business never need of a proper organizational structure but other registered organization have framework of organizational structure of an organization (Enkel and Goel, 2012). All kind of specialized business operations have requirement of much formalized organizational structure For example: the company structure for food market industry having strategies size of organizations and about their local institutions and about their allocation of their share of production. Strategy Of The Business Every time in corporate organizational structure development is an big factor for making a business strategies. If highly growth companies are having small organizational structure they are not able to compete in the market with their competitors companies (Champoux, Durgee and McGlynn, 2012). For example: resources are controlled by an individual or a corporate body with recognized rights and duties. Business management people should have managerial control on business operations. And their strategies should be very clear at the time of their business operations. Time to time company need to change and fluctuate their organizational structure. Discuss Tescos current mission, vision and corporate strategy. Mission statement of TESCO is Creating value for customers, to earn their lifetime loyalty. Vision statement of TESCO To be most highly valued by the customers we serve, the communities in which we operate, our loyalty and committed staff and our shareholders to be a growth company, a modern and innovative company and winning locally, applying our skills globally. Corporate strategy of TESCO is begins by Terry Leahy took over as CEO, TESCO began marketing itself using the phrase The TESCO Way to describe the companys core purposes, values, principles, and goals. Company expanded homely and internally focus on people of TESCO. The core part of the TESCO is their strategy about their customers and company. Suggest and explain the process that can help Tesco to formulate its corporate strategy for the year 2015. The strategy planning of the company TESCO is not able to arrange its resources to achieve its strategic goals. There are some strategy is made to achieve the goals of the company by evaluating their customers satisfaction in 2015 (Ayesha, Hassan and Aboki, 2014). Seven part strategy Focus and tactics Company need to grow in U.K. by re-settle their business. Company need to increase their labor power which is suffering from 2 years and rearranging their business again with opening of stores in different cities and do more promotional activity on behalf of the company. Company need to enhance the brand name of organization. Company need to provide more quality products and services to their customers in a very affordable price. Company need to starts online business as well for more profit According to the news about international transactions of TESCO is 30% in 2012. To generate more profit company need to arrange more profit for the business in some more countries. Company need to generate more services in all To grow retail services in all markets. With the highest performance company generated in 2012 may be give advantage to company for future more future stores in the market. Company need to fulfill their responsibilities towards customers. TESCO company always fulfill their responsibilities towards society efficiently Company need to generate more teams to give more valuation to their business. Employees of the TESCO company are the most important assets of the organization who provide valuable service to their customers. Company need to be expert in selling their all products. Products of TESCO is the most important to sell at a right way in the store and as well as online. What do you understand by the term Organizational Culture? Can Tesco improve its performance by changing its culture? Discuss. Organizational Culture Organizational culture is way or a framework of culture in the organization for their employees who all are connected to the company (Anderson, 2012). According to report of Useem (2001), the CEO of TESCO the leadership style of the CEO of the organization is full of responsibility and accountable; because of the ultimate performance of him company is able to make difference in their organizational culture. Features of the human behavior are the main role player in the retail sector, by taking help of the socially open people and developed their communication ability. These activities will help company to make their rapport in the market in front of their competitors (Brannen, Moore and Mughan, 2013). Conclusion In retail sector one more name added is TESCO. According to speech of CEO of the company says, that success never come by chance, for more creative and efficient results company has to work hard for sure. Company always has commitment to achieve their objectives and strategies successfully. According to all aspects of business said that monitoring and analysis of every step of business is really necessary (Bipath, 2014). Tesco Company is always committed for their retail services. Reference Allio, R. and Randall, R. (2010). Kiechel's history of corporate strategy.Strategy Leadership, 38(3), pp.29-34. Anderson, M. (2012).Contemporary ergonomics and human factors 2012. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Anyesha, A., Hassan, D. and Aboki, H. (2014). The Conquering Strategies of Oligopoly Firms. A review on entry Strategies of Tesco Company Plc in the UK and beyond.IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(8), pp.06-15. Bipath, K. (2014). The Strength of Organisational Culture: Organisational Performance in South African Schools.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Brannen, M., Moore, F. and Mughan, T. (2013). Strategic ethnography and reinvigorating Tesco Plc: Leveraging inside/ out bicultural bridging in multicultural teams.Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings, 2013(1), pp.282-299. Champoux, V., Durgee, J. and McGlynn, L. (2012). Corporate Facebook pages: when fans attack.Journal of Business Strategy, 33(2), pp.22-30. Drewitt, T. (2012).Everything you want to know about Business Continuity. Ely: IT Governance Publishing. Enkel, E. and Goel, S. (2012). Smoothing the corporate venturing path: rules still count.Journal of Business Strategy, 33(3), pp.30-39. ErÄ ulj, J. (2009). Organisational Culture as Organisational Identity Between the Public and the Private.Organizacija, 42(3). Estrada, E. (2012).The structure of complex networks. New York: Oxford University Press. Howlett, R. (2013).Innovation through knowledge transfer 2012. Berlin: Springer. Romme, A. and Barrett, F. (2010). Strategy Formation and Corporate Citizenship.Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 2010(38), pp.93-106. Mead, J. and Gruneberg, S. (2013).Programme procurement in construction. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Woods, M. (2007). Linking risk management to strategic controls: a case study of Tesco plc.International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 7(8), p.1074.