Inglourious Basterds

If you’re a fan for graphic and twisty turn war films, Inglourious Basterds just may be your movie to go to. The film has a unique â€Å"stab you in the back† feel throughout. We experience an alternative ending of World War II as the war ends in a bizarre twist compared to what actually happened. The movie uses black humor. Meaning, we sense a little humor throughout all the tense and serious scenes the characters go through. As for gore, don’t worry, we see a lot of bloody and violent scenes. The film still maintains the features that give it the war film genre so viewers looking for a war movie won’t be disappointed. The film is directed by Quentin Tarantino and features a well developed plot with an interesting cast of characters. The actors themselves are solid and do a good job keeping in character. The movie features the Basterds, a group intent on killing Nazis and only killing them. The dead are scalped while the rare survivors are allowed to escape with a Swastika carved on their foreheads. The leader of the Basterds, Lt. Aldo Raine, has a knack for carving the Swastika and believes he improves his skill after each carving he does. The Basterds receive a special mission that will allow them to assassinate several head officers of the Nazi Socialist Party, including Hitler. The film also follows the life of a Jew, Shosana, who barely escapes from being killed by the Nazis. She is fortunate to get the opportunity to get revenge on the Nazis. Several Nazi head officers, including Hitler, are coming to her cinema to watch the premiere of a Nazi film that will fuel Nazi Germany’s pride. The Basterds and Shosana have the same targets but are unaware of the other. Both are later intertwined within their own troubles and problems. Both end up in the same cinema with the same mission: to kill Hitler and his men. One problem ensues: they are not aware of each other The film is filled with various, colorful characters. First, Brad Pitt (Lt. Aldo) plays a fine leader of the Basterds with his Southern drawl and slick hair. His â€Å"no fear† attitude and witty remarks keeps a slightly less serious tone to the film. Eli Roth plays Donny Donowitz, also known as the â€Å"Bear Jew†. He puts on a quick show by beating the pulp out of Nazi heads with a baseball bat. Christoph Waltz, in my opinion, was the star of the movie despite being the villain. He plays Hans Landa the Jew Hunter and is a mastermind at finding them. Waltz shines as the film’s main villain by acting sweet and ignorant to his victims but later reveals his evil side. Also, the fact that he shows his knowledge for four different languages doesn’t hurt his brilliant side, either. Melanie Laurent (Shosana) plays her role fantastically. In the scenes after her near death experience, she puts on a fake but rather convincingly happy look, but, viewers know she is still hurting inside and her facial expressions tell us successfully. She always wears a smile, but there’s a glint of sadness in her slow movements. Hitler and Goebbels are portrayed as fools that lack leadership and intelligence. They are merely cast for humorous purposes as they are seen as silly buffoons during a meeting that discusses very important war material. The movie is supported by the right type of music. A gloomy, mellow tune fills our ears during a quiet French town scene. During introduction of certain characters, there is slightly humorous electric guitar chord that plays to maintain a metro soundtrack. Then it gets ridiculous as a tune fit for a parade fills the theater during the Nazi movie premiere massacre. The music matches the scenes perfectly at times. Whereas in times of subtle humor, the music may seem ridiculous but adds a nice humorous touch to it. Like many movies, Inglourious Basterds includes parodies and deeper meanings behind the actual storyline. The biggest part is the alternative ending to World War II in a bizarre and unimaginable way. I won’t mention the ending in order to not spoil the movie. Lt.  Aldo’s unusual interest in improving his skill in carving Swastikas on the foreheads of Nazis is oddly humorous in the twist of events he experiences. The movie also tells us a little bit of the brutality of the Nazis hunt for Jews. The Nazis were very diligent in attaining the Aryan race status they have desired by getting rid of Jews, who they see as inferior. The brutal killing of the Jew family in hiding in the first scene of the movie brings tension to the film. The movie also tells us that the war was costly and long of duration by introducing an alternate ending that ends the war sooner and with fewer casualties. Just by hearing a little about the film, we learn that the film features a group of soldiers going deep into enemy territory in order to fulfill a mission that is filled with danger in every corner. Sounds like a typical World War II movie. But, the reason why the Inglourious Basterds appeals to me is simply because it is different from the typical World War II and war movies. In most war movies, the â€Å"good† guys are portrayed as heroic and glorious people. Their goal is to defeat the enemy in order to maintain peace. However, in this film the â€Å"heroes† are rutal killers and show no mercy to their enemies, the Nazis: intent on scalping all of their victims and leaving barely any survivors. The film also mentions the use of deceit in order for the Allies to sneak through Axis officers. One humorous and different scene is when Lt. Raine attempts to sneak into the premiere with his men by pretending to be Italian. They know very little Italian and have poor accents at that. They believed they would be able to sneak past the security officer, Hans Landa, but find out Landa is, in fact, very fluent in Italian. This brings some laughs because viewers didn’t expect Landa to know so many languages (He knows English, French, and German, as well as Italian). During a scene like this, viewers expect to see the heroes to be able to sneak by. When Raine and his men are so close to blow the living life of Hitler and his officers, Landa captures them. The following scene will surprise viewers of the absurdity. From watching a little of Inglourious Basterds, I have realized that I can’t expect anything to happen because a totally aberrant event happens instead. This film goes beyond the ordinary and is a unique addition to the war film genre. Overall, the movie is different and Tarantino does a great job in portraying the war’s villains, Hitler and Goebbels as dumb idiots. The plot is filled with twists and turns and not in a cliched way. Viewers can see each other confused as to whether they should laugh or not at scenes that brings humor with a serious tone. The movie never strays away from the actual plot and Tarantino has brought upon us another great and ingenious film. The film is nowhere near â€Å"inglourious†.

Leadership literature Essay

I can distill my personal command philosophy into four concepts†¦no catch phrases or buzz words†¦just simple principles[a1]  .   First, a commander needs to shut up [a2]  and let their [a3]  folks do their job as much as possible.   Second, a commander must clearly understand what the [a4]  individuals and organization expect from them.   Third, a commander must create their own reality.   Finally, a commander must be genuine.   Before explaining, I should probably qualify that what I’m[a5]   about to say is a product of my warped set of experiences.   It is in no way meant to be derisive or satirical†¦it’s just what I know to be true. Surely everyone is familiar with the notion that a well-executed, mediocre plan is much better than a poorly-executed perfect plan.   This [a6]  is the crux of empowering people.   Countless times[a7]   I have observed people discussing different approaches to a problem often pitting leaders against workers on how to skin the cat.   Unfortunately, the leader usually weighs in with the final say even overruling subject matter experts. [a8]   This leaves the subordinates to swallow the â€Å"front office† solution and try to make it work. Of course [a9]  most employees are good followers and they make it happen according to plan but there are several drawbacks of the top-down approach.   [a10]  First, it can take time for people to buy into a solution they played no part in conceiving.   Second, it can stifle solutions from the experts in the future. Third, it pulls the leader further into the weeds as direction is necessary to verify and vector progress[a11]  .   Why is this so hard to achieve in practice?   Perhaps it is personality driven, or perhaps it is instilled by senior mentors, but   for [a12]  some reason most leaders seem to lack the mental or moral aptitude to let folks press with solutions they deem â€Å"inferior.†Ã‚   Why not ask, â€Å"What do you think we should do?† and give that solution your full support.   Folks will take immediate ownership and you’ll be floored [a13]  by the results. Leadership literature is filled with cursory calls for the leader to communicate their [a14]  vision, goals and expectation.   Honestly, this somewhat of a cop out[a15]  .   Of course a leader needs to take an organization in [a16]  a clear direction, but [a17]  that direction has everything to do with context.   It is completely absurd to create a vision or organizational climate that fosters risk taking [a18]  at a nuclear base or rapid uninformed decisions in an engineering design flight. Likewise, it is equally ridiculous to roll into a squadron trying to pump [a19]  everyone up following a commander that rode them all into the ground during an ORI[a20]  .   A wise commander would take a moment to figure out, â€Å"What does this unit need from me?†Ã‚   Do they need a disciplinarian to check rampant DUIs?   Do they need a personable/approachable commander to get them through a recent suicide?   Perhaps they just need some top cover from the group or wing so they can get their jobs done.   Of course this will vary during a commander’s tenure as events occur and the personality [a21]  of the organization changes; the key to know what your folks expect of you. [a22] We’ve heard the anecdotes contrasting the impact different commanders have on the same organization, â€Å"under Col Smith my unit happy [a23]  and effective but after Col Jones took command, we were miserable and unproductive.†Ã‚   This is a good illustration of how commanders create their own reality.   Commander and supervisors who lament over their long hours, stressful environment and massive workload cannot improve their plight until they realize that they create this reality. Typically this frenetic environment is the result of a combination of poor organizational skills, micromanagement, lack of decision making and insufficient triage.   Conversely, the alternate universe that a commander should seek to create is one where folks understand what’s important, are trusted to work those priorities and insulated from distractions.   Likewise, the commander needs to be competent enough to know when to make a decision and when to shut up.   It all sounds simple, but in practice, creating this reality can be very difficult especially if there are strong type-A personalities within the unit or in the chain of command. The final concept and one that a commander has the least control over is sincerity.   One can do all the right things and say all the right things [a24]  but still be ineffective if they are not true to themselves.   If a commander isn’t passionate about what they [a25]  are [a26]  doing, doesn’t care about their[a27]   unit, or doesn’t respect their [a28]  boss, no amount of tap dancing or rhetoric will mask it.   This can be the result of apathy, narcissism or any number of other traits but it always shines through. Likewise, if a soft-spoken introvert wants to become a cheer-leading, fist-pumping commander, it will fall short.   Some amount of self-centeredness can be mitigated through education, self-reflection and mentoring but only to an extent.   Similarly, changing personal techniques or leadership styles to suit a specific situation can compensate for some personality traits.   The bottom line is that I would much rather work for a commander that was an uncharismatic, wrinkled blob who truly cared over the ‘GQ[a29]  ,’ smooth-talking egotist irrespective of how competent, ethical or confident they were. You might be thinking, â€Å"wait a minute, this guy is forgetting all the important stuff like core values, standards and discipline.†Ã‚   Well, yes, I did†¦I only have three pages and so accept these â€Å"bumper stickers† as given.   Will I expect service, integrity and excellence?   Absolutely!   Do I plan to emphasize safety, accountability and ethics?   No doubt!   I’m a military professional—anything less would be unacceptable.   It is actually these fuzzy principles (and others like them) that distinguish the vision-puking, smooth-talking automaton from an effective commander and leader in my book[a30]  .

Social policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Social policy - Essay Example The activities of discrimination by the social workers towards the travellers fall under the category of institutional discrimination. In order to prevent the undesired activities of discrimination that has led to the increase of harassment and distress in the course of livelihood of the travellers, the social policy on the adoption of anti-discriminatory practices have been formulated. The social policy has influenced changes in the approach of the social workers that have prompted them to undertake activities that advocated the rights of the travellers to attain equal access to public resources. The National Association of Social Workers is the largest body of association of professional worker that was founded in the year of 1955. The international organization for social work consists of around 130000 workers belonging to various communities of United States and other parts of the world. The social workers have the mission of promoting the best practices in the field of social work by engaging deeply with the individuals and their families living in the communities and understanding their needs and areas of deprivation (Acton, 2007, p.62). The purpose of the social workers is directed at protecting the best interest of the communities and its individual members and families through dedicated activities and advocating the cause of protection of the community members in the areas in which they lack. The activities of the social workers are guided by their objectives of continuously working to improve the living conditions of the members and the families in the society (Adam son and Donovan, 2005, p.38). This has been achieved through the application of professional knowledge and skills necessary for offering better social services to the communities. The National Association of Social Workers also desires to increase the professional knowledge and skills through the process of field

Hedging against a Weak Dollar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hedging against a Weak Dollar - Essay Example From the research it is clear that for the five-year period ranging from 2007 to the end of 2011, the US dollar has experienced numerous fluctuations. The highest value of the Euro in comparison to the dollar was 1.5991, during the 2008 global economic crisis, when American multinationals were going into bankruptcy or requesting bailouts by the government. The lowest value was 1.1923, in the year 2010, two years after recovery from the meltdown. Over the course of last year, the dollar reached its highest and lowest points for the period at the start and at the end of the year. At these times, the dollar was stronger in relation to the Euro. In the middle of the year, the dollar was weaker in comparison to the Euro for the year, and almost reached a rate of 1.5 against the Euro in comparison to the beginning and the end of the year when it was below 1.3 against the Euro. Another short-run determinant to exchange rates between the euro and the dollar is the growing capital mobility ac ross the globe. All forms of financial markets now share access to each other on a global scene, and investors put their money in the markets that offer them the best returns, without restrictions to invest locally. Whenever demand for US assets is bigger in relation to relative demand across the globe, the demand for US dollars will likewise increase. The converse is true, when the demand for US assets falls, investors will have put their money in competing markets rather than the US market, and likewise the dollar will depreciate in comparison, as the investors make the most of the more profitable markets around the globe. Relative price levels A fall in prices causes an appreciation in the currency while a rise in price levels causes a decrease in the value of the currency. For the US dollar to fall in relation to the euro with regard to the price level changes, the goods in the European market would have to fall in prices in relation to the same goods in the American market, or fall at a greater rate in relation to the goods in the European market. A fall in the price of goods indicates a strengthening of the dominant currency in the market. Tariffs and quotas Barriers to trade may significantly affect a currency’s value. The tariffs decrease demand of foreign currency in as a fall in the demand for foreign goods occurs. The result is an increase in the value of the domestic currency. Consequently, the reduction of trade barriers has the reverse effect on the local currency. Enforcement of a quota system for some goods to the European region affects the amount of American exports into the region, which sets a ceiling for the amount in value the dollar can have in relation to the euro over the year. Preference of domestic over foreign goods Increase in demand for domestic goods, exports, causes an increase in the demands of the foreign currency. The converse is true; increase in the demand for the foreign currency causes the domestic currency to depr eciate. Increase in demand for domestic goods, for instance, the increase in American made automobiles increase the demand for the

Prevention of Falls in Elderly Rehabilitation Patients Essay

Prevention of Falls in Elderly Rehabilitation Patients - Essay Example Research on the elderly has attained ethnographic cross-cultural comparative proportions of investigation, being one of the most necessary requirements of society. Professional acute care, community care with their circumstantial inadequacies and the situational hopelessness of the elderly in those last sad years motivate Sociologists to invest more time on finding alternatives and innovations. One point all the care facilities and Governments usually forget is that the care is necessity-dependent and not just age-dependent. These articles belong to the researched data connected to this field. As the falling of elderly has become a main problem especially so in the western society, because it delays rehabilitation and healing, it is necessary to have as much information as possible on the given area. Critical assessment and comparison of two or more research pieces can give more insight to care workers like me who have to focus on the problem. This is a very pertinent area for a care giving professional and it is better to analyze the research available than simply scanning through it. I would like to appraise both the works, analyse them and compare them. I would also like to critically go through them and point out the areas of deficiency and shortcomings. I have tried to find similarities, glaring dissimilarities and various points that the researches have touched in the process. I feel it is important because of the seriousness of the problem that can make the last days of the elderly very painful, lonely and ailing. It is important to welcome as much research as possible in this region. LIMITATIONS: Both the research work show very limited perspectives of the problem. They do not envelop the entire relevant issue. Instead, they focus on certain practical advice and connected research without concentrating much on day-to-day activities of the care homes that are trying hard for a successful rehabilitation. As these researches are not highly extensive, their field strength is rather limited. Even though they represent two highly important sides of the problem, one approaching from physical angle and another from mental, it is difficult to conclude that both the papers have achieved anything absolutely conclusive. LITERATURE REVIEW: Aging touches different parameters in the Western and Eastern World because in Eastern countries, families take care of the elders under normal circumstances. Problems facing the elderly in European Countries, Australia, USA or Eastern Countries are identical. Caring for the frail elderly does not limit itself to one region or country."Older people in European society are therefore not to be regarded as a homogeneous mass but as a diverse group of people who may have only one characteristic in common - their age" says Hugman (1994, p.7). Restorative care is distinctively different from usual care because they have to be matched with the particular individualistic

Narrative Paradigims and 21st century narratology Essay

Narrative Paradigims and 21st century narratology - Essay Example Equally important is our understanding of the audience pulse and how they have evolved in their tastes and expectations and how technological developments have improved over time. In this essay, we are going to attempt to understand these concepts and how to apply the same techniques, within the framework of scriptwriting which is the most important aspect for any good story. Christopher Booker (2005) in his scintillating book titled ‘The Seven Basic Plots’ sheds light on the art of storytelling, explaining that stories impact upon us in a more significant and deeper manner than we ever realize. Christopher Booker (2005) However, on examining the different plots of films, he explains that there are seven basic plots which are rags to riches, a quest, the hero depicted as a monster, voyage and return and rebirth etc. According to Booker, plots are only the gateways through which we travel to find the ‘hidden universal language’ Christopher Booker (2005) of wh ich stories are made. Freddie Gaffney sheds light on the layout of a ‘Master Screen script’ and the techniques used to make it more effective. He takes into consideration the layouts for both film as well as television explaining that the commonality between the two is the absence of camera direction. Though screenwriters could offer a few suggestions contributing to a particular shots, yet framing terms for camera direction such as CU, MS, LS and camera movements like ‘Crane,’ ‘Track’ ‘Crab’ etc. and in- shot changes such as ‘Zoom’, ‘Angle’, ‘Focus’, ‘Canted’ and ‘Pull’ are solely the premise of the director and cinematographer. While editing, a suggestion such as ‘Montage’ from the screenwriter, to draw disparate shots together in a coherent presentation, is considered to be valid, but otherwise editing is best left to the editor and director. The prima ry aim of the ‘Master Scene Script’ is to provide a detailed and clear description of every scene. It gives the identification of all the characters in the story, and describes their speech and intonation clearly at different points in each scene. After reading a good screenplay, the characters within the story become life-like within our mind’s eye, while the movie runs through our head, proving that there was a good Master Scene Script, which is nothing but a blueprint of how the story should appear on screen. An excellent Master Scene Script will inevitably create a positive impact on producers, agents and production companies. No matter how good the content of a script is, yet the magic lies in the way it is formatted and presented in ‘The Master Scene Script’. Initial effort and time spent on ‘The Master Scene Script’ would save precious time in the future and does not encourage re-writing of any kind because every sequence in the s cript is well thought out and executed on paper. Freddie Gaffney. (2008) also enlightens us on the format of writing a good screenplay. He explains that the ‘Master Scene Script’ should always be presented in a single column format with the pages numbered consecutively on the top right near the Header. The Footer of each page should have the letters ‘mf’ (more follows) in the bottom right corner. The last page of the script should have the words ‘Ends’ which should be centered. The title of the screenplay should be written in capitals and centered on the first page of the script which should always be single sided. Below the title on the left side the words

Telepresence is Finally Coming of Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Telepresence is Finally Coming of Age - Essay Example Similar to face-to-face interactions, telepresence meetings allow users to view one another and the tension to stay attentive and engaged occurs. For most offices, such an innovation would prove the ideal solution (Shein 2010). Clearly, the abilities of the technology might form an experience that feels very realistic. However, users must question whether the experience is similar in quality to real human communication. As a result, prior to continuing to grow telepresence technology, an organization must take its effect on human communication and relationship quality into account. a. Apart from the travel cost savings mentioned in the case study, two less tangible advantages for applying telepresence over the travel alternative are the quality of the life of a worker and ecological footprint. These merits are not effortlessly weighted or valued. As a result, I will offer and reference conformist approximations in this research to support my answers. These kinds of innovations are only possible because of the functionality of grids, particularly telecommunications (Shein 2010). b. Levels of stress affect human health significantly. Researchers surveyed traveling businesspersons in 2000 who recorded 80% more clinical claims than those who are stationary (Shein 2010). Consequently, clinical claims can result in lost work output at the workplace. Between 60 and 90% of grievances made by patients and taken to doctors are about stress (Shein 2010). Researcher Dr. Herbert Benson says three of the most widespread symptoms, headaches, serious pain, and hypertension, account for more than half of lost incomes from absenteeism. It is logical to presume that retain workers in their homes as much as possible to prevent increases in their stress levels (Shein 2010).  

Week 2 Hand-in Assignment -2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 2 Hand-in -2 - Assignment Example But how does that rectangular box, on the wall of the bank, in a private booth, or maybe in a convenience store, dispense all of that cash? What are the user requirements? The ATM is a classic example of the textbook definition of Chapter 4.1.1 â€Å"The functional requirements for a system describe what the system should do†. The European Community basically agrees in its ATM Protection Guidelines (2000). Although it is relatively old, the University of Maryland issued a very good document on this subject (1996). The following steps must be undertaken before the customer can receive his or her money. Any answers of no will cause a rejected transaction and the person will be turned away. 4. If valid, customer is prompted to enter his Personal Identification Number. Is it correct? (Depending upon the policies of the bank, the customer is given a number of chances [usually three] to enter the correct number). 6. If the answers to questions two, three or four or no, depending upon the type of machine and again the bank or network policy, an error message is displayed on the screen. The card is either returned or seized without printing a receipt. 11. If all questions other than Item Ten are â€Å"Yes†, then cash is dispensed, a receipt is printed, and the customer is reminded to remove his card. The ATM also notifies the customer bank of the transaction, along with any fees assessed. All of these steps are completed (most of the time) in a matter of seconds, probably less than two minutes. Some say the increased use of debit cards, twenty per cent in the last fifteen years (FED 2006), may spell the demise of ATM. Yet the recent credit card crunch and tightening of bank regulations have led to the use of more cash and that means the little boxes will continue to

Economic Growth And Standard Of Living Essay Example for Free

Economic Growth And Standard Of Living Essay To understand any topic it is always important to take note of the key words. In this case I am going to first pin point the key words. Economy in a lay man’s language is the management of finances or care in the use of resources. Others may say it is a system of producing and managing resources. This then puts everyone in light that economic growth as the increment of management and use of resources like finances, wealth and so on. Standard of living can measured by types of living styles that is quality (living in high standards and able to afford especially the basic needs) or of no quality that is (poor quality most especially not being able to afford the basics in life and probably living below the poverty line) (Elkington J. , 1974); Economic growth is seen on both extremes by different individuals that is the best or worst and the sides of it depending on how it has affected their standards of living. The way it affects the standards of living in the present and how it affected in the past is very different from the way it will be tomorrow. Its further expansion today has also affected different individuals differently. Others have seen it to have caused more harm than good while others see it to have caused more than more good than harm and this second group appears to be the majority hence increasing the gap between these two groups of people (The World Business Council for sustainable). Nevertheless economic growth to a larger extent is seen as a valuable vehicle for raising standards of living in aspects like social life, political aspects and even psychological aspects. Since time immemorial, everyone valued a high standard of living and every member of the family and society worked toward achieving more and more resources so as to live a better life. Men, women and children for instance did farming and cultivated food crops for home consumption. This was in the past before the innovation of cash economy. In that era, the three fundamental processes used in economic growth were identification, cooperation and imitation Aragon-Correa and Sharma S. , 2003 and Dunphy D, Griffiths A, and Benn S. , 2000). Today or presently it is true that further economic expansion has been seen. This is why the world today bases on the mechanism of â€Å"survival for the fittest†. This mechanism is mainly trying to see that everyone actively participates towards economic growth and hence improving their standards of living. So people have just deliberately decided to be lazy and they are the same people complaining of economic growth as unnecessary. They have given others the opportunity to even grow richer as they (the lazy ones) become poorer. It is important to note that as the world economy grows, the standard of living also grows. It does not remain stagnant hence the capacity of manpower in the society should also increase so as to match the economic growth and avoid lagging behind. It is done in this manner, and then the difficulty of economic growth affecting the standards of living presently will not be felt (World Economic Forum). It is seen clearly that as world’s life proceeds, very many aspects change. For instance, the population of South Africa in early 1930’s cannot match or be the same as the population today. Today’s population has definitely outgrown the one of 1930’s hence the economic growth will remain a valuable vehicle for raising and not degrading the standards of living if we check into issues like education, population control, employment especially skilled manpower in professional fields, etc. good example here is population control. In the past population was not as big and huge as today hence the issue of poor standard of living was not intensely felt. Today the population has double even tripled in specific places. This then has led to shortage of land, food, employment, schools hence giving the first priorities to the rich who can scramble. This then has led to high illiteracy, creation of slums, high crime rates. So if population standards are controlled by example introducing and sensitizing people on the issue of using contraceptives, keeping people in schools especially women who can go up to high institutions of learning hence making them concentrate in books and by the time they think of marriage, they are old enough not to give birth to too many children as compared to when they are out of school making them marry early and bearing many children. The issue of education, population control will improve both the economic growth and standards of living in the long run (World Economic Forum). Another very crucial thing is and that we in the world today cannot do without is the fact that of the machineries invention and innovation. This was not in the past, but today it has actually improved our majority standards of living. It is a fact that even the poor man at least can afford some kind of machinery for instance he or she may not afford a television set but may afford a small radio of about three dollars. This is because it is extremely important to listen to and know what is going on in the world through that small radio an issue that was not there in the past though people at that time were still comfortable because these machineries were not there. This hence is seen that economic growth is vats and can accommodate everyone. This means that despite the economic growth, there are still some cheap commodities that can be afforded by the low level people so as to enjoy their lives. The economic growth is also seen to incorporate the non professional activities for example engaging in vegetable sales, shoe shining, house helps and so on. Not everyone has a professional duty like teaching; nursing, etc yet even the non professional people must live and enjoy their lives. By doing their non-professional duties, they also actively participate in economic growth. For instance, a person doing the shoe shine job will have to buy the shoe polish hence contributing to the economic growth of the shoe polish company. On the other side of the economic growth, which is also to a lesser extent, I see its further expansions to be unnecessary and especially when its undesirable effects are considered from a true – cost perspective rather than form a true – benefit perspective (World Economic Forum). As I have discussed in the previous paragraphs, everyone cannot be the same in terms of gifts and talents, in brain, strength, authority and understanding. There must be both low and high level people. This also applies in the standard of living which is determined by the economic growth. For sure it is true that it affects people differently. In the real world, today, this economic growth has made the rich richer and the poor poorer. This hence has made the poor group to look at economic growth as an enemy. This is mainly because the poor have not been given a chance to enjoy the changes that come with economic growth. For instance, most of the poor people are not computer literates hence when employment opportunities come up, the first requirement is computer literacy which completely excludes them from the race even when one had the potential of doing that job. These computer courses are mainly provided in the schools of the rich (International Chamber of Commerce, Business charter for sustainable Development, 1990). Economic growth has been accompanied by a lot of bureaucracy. The rich people have taken the top levels and the poor people the low levels. It becomes very difficult for the one at the bottom to reach the one at the top. Before one reaches to the top from the bottom he or she must have used a lot of time, some little finances so as to get favours fro above. Those favours mainly may not be there because the ones at the top always are interested in doing things that favour and benefit them especially when it comes to finances thus rendering the poor back to or get stuck in poor living standards (World commission for Environment and development, 1987). When it comes to distribution of resources, it is clearly seen that some regions in countries are not considered or given priorities. This then instead of improving their standards of living through economic growth, they continue to deteriorate. A good example is usually when the politicians especially the presidents in the third world countries who give priorities to their regions of origin neglecting the other regions. This is even worse when a certain region has got no representative in the government hence making them curse the economic growth (World Economic Forum). In summary, I have discussed that economic growth is for raising the living standards to a larger extent in that †¢ It helps improve the capacity of manpower thus encouraging participation to improve the living standards Because everyone wants to olive in a good standard population will be controlled and hence more savings for more economic growth. †¢ Education is seen as an important factor leading to both economic growth and standard of living though in the long run †¢ Employment opportunities which leads to earnings and savings hence considering both the economic growth and living standards as valuable †¢ Economic growth being vats tha t is accommodating both the rich and the poor through machinery. An example is if one cannot afford a television then he r she can buy a radio which he or she can afford to listen to hence seen as improved his or her standards of living. †¢ it has too much bureaucracy making low level people not reach the top people †¢ Top people are seen as selfish and just for issues that benefit them especially finances. †¢ Poor people not given a chance to enjoy changes that come with economic growth for example computer literacy which is mainly taught in schools for the rich. In conclusion, economic growth is important to our living standards but can be disastrous especially when others are deprived of it. This ends up creating gaps between people hence leading to other social problems. There is a low level of economic growth rate. Economists’ researchers have maintained that in order for economy to realize good standard of living 10% increase in her economy is necessary, she must invest 10 % of her national income. Reduce consumption, increase investments or savings at same time reduce the family size children or they end up in vicious cycle of poverty. There is a lot of pressure in terms of provision of social services in un developed world. This leads to difficulty in distributing resources equally. It is also costly because of the large numbers thus social service provision becomes inadequate. It is seen to be affecting the nature of social services for example leading to poor housing and low quality of education.

Penang Mutiara Essay Example for Free

Penang Mutiara Essay Speed Speed means do thing fast. Speed means fast response to requirements of external customers or new conditions, speedy decision making and speedy movement of materials and information inside the operation. It’s benefit are: †¢ Speed reduces inventories reducing i inventories mean increasing the utilization of rooms and restaurant, that fast cleaning and preparing the available rooms and dinner tables for external customers adds revenue for organization, and improving the efficient of working. †¢ Speed adds flexibility fast response adds the capability for operations to the flexibility dealing with urgent things. †¢ Speed adds dependability fast delivering for the latest information among other department of operations, such as the newest customer entrance information, available room information, adds the dependability for each internal operation’s coordination and communication. Dependability Dependability means do things on time. Dependability means well management and coordination with each operation ensuring other process. are reliable, such as delivering right material or information on time, correct foreseeing and planning the facilities, reorder and workforce. It leads to more effective operation. It effectively arranging the facilities, information, material, workforce, money and time to ensure all of them can be available at any time, saves the time to wait or to look for the other substitutes. Dependability arrangement reduces the chance of repeating input resources or some resources leaving unused increasing the cost of maintain or store fee, or labor cost. Flexibility Flexibility means change what you do. It means according different requirements or things to fast handle with, making change or decisions , flexibility arranging and coordinating operations’ work. †¢ Flexibility saves resources can prevent unnecessarily repeating planning, spending, and using resources such as time, money, workforce, to follow the traditional ways to do things done. †¢ Flexibility increase speed of response being able to give fast service for customers depends on the operation being flexible. Flexible operations speedily transfer extra skilled staff and equipment to the urgent conditions and emergencies will provide the service with other customer’s needs. Quality Quality means ‘doing things right’. For Mutiara, quality means consistently producing impeccable services, using top-class and durable materials to create the right impression and environment, and anticipating and preventing all potential problems in advance. It is benefit to make life easier inside the operation. †¢ Good quality leads to stable and efficient processes that less mistake, easy for coordination for matching the standard of processes, dependable and advance equipments and tools to use adds dependability for internal customer. †¢ It reduces cost for Mutiara due to it is fewer the chance to make mistakes. Redoing or correcting mistakes, or to reducing confusion or irritation for each people; second, it also reduces the labor cost. Dispelling some serious troubles or problem always needs more staff or more time to do it, thus, it results in the labor cost added, such as part-time salary, overtime compensation. The more minimizing mistakes, the more minimize the excess labor costs to pay for doing excess works; third, less mistake and using top-class and durable materials also result in saving expenditures such as maintaining fee, cost of materials resulted by mistakes, transporting fees, and other excess expenditures. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION †¢ Expand its business in other areas to acquire more market shares against other high-class and strong competitors in the whole Asia region, or even in the world. †¢ Through concession and alliance with other business such as tour companies, ocean safari theme park, movie companies, golf or car club, complete set of hotel industry which is gathering tour, amusement, business and relaxation together. †¢ Upgrade technology such as wireless internet, website, including introduction of hotel services, traffic map, resource and promotion information, booking on line and e-payments †¢ Develop marketing strategies to widen up market share, such as offering difference holiday traveling packages, discounts and loyalty cards. †¢ Continues improvement internally by developing Total Quality Management (TQM), Kaizen, and 5S system and ISO standards. †¢ Monitor customer’s feedback by developing centralized customer relation office which conducts satisfaction survey. †¢ Offer continual training for staff to improve the standard quality of services, English and Foreign language speaking, handling these new automatic system and internet using. †¢ Adding the advertisement through TV, internet, high-income reader journal or fashion magazines and newspaper. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION To conclude, even though Penang Mutiara managed to maintain its competitiveness with their current strategy, however it is not sufficient to remain competitiveness due to volatile market demand. Moreover, with the emergence of the global tourism, hospitality industry and globalization with competition from all over the hotel industry, the need to augment existing and new strategies need to be address speedily. In order to compete for business and to keep abreast with stiff competition in the hotel industry. The hotel’s management should strengthen their marketing and operation strategies as a tool in increasing market share, prioritizing in developing website and upgrade the hotel facilities. Performance measurement by monitoring feedback and implement quality management. Also adopt proactive approach to enhance and maintain consistency in quality and level of services by conducting staff retrain and upgrading of skills. Reviewing new service standards, conduct regular focus group studies to predict future customer requirements, minimize and eliminate high employee turnover by taking good care of staff welfare, and exercise job rotation of staff to promote innovation and creativity in the job.

Effects of Renewable Energy in Nigeria

Effects of Renewable Energy in Nigeria AN INTRODUCTORY REVIEW: We are in the era, where we regularly envisage different sort of problems, some have a severe distress in it and some are like to be flash instantly. Poverty, financial instability, unemployment are some of the basic problems our society have faced from a number of years, but apart from that problems there are such problems which really makes the world like a hell. I intend to divert intentions towards some problems, which becomes so common across the globe. Energy Crisis and its conservation and environmental problems are some of the main problems our society has been facing from past few years. Before going further in to the details of its impacts and the problems which may arise from its threats, lets take a closer look of Energy Conservation and different environmental problems. AN OVERVIEW OF ENERGY CONSERVATION: Electricity and energy is now becomes an integral part of our routine life. Believe or not we are totally on the mercy of the energy to accomplish our different task. It has been observed that, and we also noticed that, the fear of energy crisis has been surging from past few years chaotically, which intervenes between the country to viable economically. After listen the name of the energy crisis, the thing which instantly clicks in our mind is the mitigation plan for this action and to abridge its threats accordingly. The practice of decreasing the quantity of energy used is known as the energy conservation. Efficiently uses any thing will enhance the productivity of that thing and will condense the hazards associated with it. A number of attributes are associated with the conservation of energy like deducing the financial cost which ultimately effects on the bottom line, other advantages includes national security, personal security and  human comforts. One of the important forms of energy is the Electrical energy, which is in use by the human beings exaggeratedly that is why the conservation of energy is termed as an integral element of the energy policy (Mike Adams, 2008). There are a number of problems connected with the energy conservation which exacerbates the situation, which we will examine in details when we move further. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ENERGY CONSERVATION: Before going in to the details of the problems of the energy, I want to do a mind set of my readers regarding the uses of energy. Let me mention some examples associated with the transformation of different types of energy into the form of energy and heat. I have found a process of energy transmitting and processing which is mentioned below. †¢Ã‚  Oil is being burns to produce heat. †¢Ã‚  Heat boils the water †¢Ã‚  Water then turns into steam †¢Ã‚  Steams Pressure than turns a turbine †¢Ã‚  Turbine use to on the electric generator. †¢Ã‚  Generator than generates electricity. †¢Ã‚  Electricity than empowers the light bulbs, which gives us (the end users) lights and heat. The main problem lies with the energy is the exhalation of different types of injurious and devastative gases which spoil the health of a person in an outrageous manner. Carbon dioxide is one of the main threats for the health of the human being. A number of people consensuses that the gas act as a transparent blanket due to the atmospheric work. Synthetically speaking, carbon dioxide is combustion of gas, coal and oil which uses in the heating system and in car engines (Mike Adams, 2008). Health professionals and Doctors said that, carbon dioxide is the most perilous gas for the human being which demolishes the respiratory system of a person after penetration that is why the Doctors exhorts a lot to keep distance with plants at night because the plants excrete the carbon dioxide which can be disperse in a person if he doesnt take the safety majors into consideration. Apart from the hazards of carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide is also a major foe of the humans health. Sulfur dioxide emit ted in the air when the coal is being burned. Sulfur dioxide produces with the burning of coal which penetrates in the clouds after react with water and oxygen to from precipitation which commonly knows as acid rain, which is not even injurious for the human being but also for the sea spices. Acid rain is very harmful for the humans skin and sometimes it plays a vital role to inflate the fear of skin cancer. There are a number of factors which influences on the conservation of energy, threats of severe disease are the some examples of it. HOW ENERGY CONSERVATION MITIGATE SUCH PROBLEM We are in an era where the technologies really matters and we cant bear the crisis of this energy. Energy conservation is a brave and bold step towards efficiently use the energy in diversified sectors. Electrical energy and oil is the main thing which we have to utilize for the economic development of a country. The unavailability of these two things will make the situation chaotic for a country. Lets see in details what value efficient energy conservation can add in the accounts for a country. ?  Increment in the energy efficiency, resultantly makes the energy relatively cheaper, which is equally beneficial for the users and for the Government as well. ?  Increased energy efficiency will definitely lead to enhance the economic and physical growth, which spikes the graph of energy use in the whole economy.   ?  Efficiently uses the fuel energy will help to increase the production among the industries of a country which leads to a higher quality of life. ?  The threats we discussed earlier, which will be born from the poisonly gases like carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide can be abate with the help of energy conservation. It will help to reduce the effects of headache, stress, blood pressure, fatigue and work pressure. ?  Telecommunication becomes a major part to viable a company economically as a number of business been done on the telephone, so we have to be vigilant regarding the efficient use of telecommunication energy from a business stand point. ?  It is observed that electric motors, like elevators, water pumping machines, refrigerators and other electric home appliances consume more than 60% of all electrical energy, which become a major cause of the loss of 10 to 20 percent of all electricity. In order to tackle with this menace, we have to be cautious granted the wastage of energy. What can we do in this regards, is not an uphill task at all, use the electrical appliances when we use it like bulbs, iron, juicer blender and all such kind of things. ?  The problem of energy crisis persists in the whole world, because of the unavailability of the natural resources to produce the electricity energy. ?  Usage of bicycle and walking rigorously instead of driving to overcome on the fuel crisis. ?  Use air to dry clothes rather than the clothes dryer machine. ?  Install a programmable thermostat in your room cooler and air conditioners, which automatically adjusts the temperature when you are in bed or away. ?  Switch off ligh ts when leaving a room. The view of energy conservation, is been defined to give a thorough overview of renewable energy, now lets take a brief look over the stance of renewable energy. AN OVERVIEW OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY: The energy which has been generated from the natural resources, like the sunlight, rain, tides, wind, and geothermal heat which can be refill tranquilly is called renewable energy. It has been estimated that in the year 2006, about 18% of the global energy consumptions came from renewable from which 13% imminent from biomass like from burning of the wood. Hydroelectricity is known as the second largest resource of the renewable energy which conduced 3% of the energy consumption and 15% of electric generation across the globe in the year 2008 (Global Status Report 2007). Wind power is also a famous form of the renewable energy which has a remarkable growth rate of around 30% annually with a installed capacity of over 121,000 megawatts in the year 2008, which has been massively used in Europe and in the United States of America (USA) (Renewable Global Status Report: 2009 Pg- 9). As per estimation the annual manufacturing output of the photovoltaic industry breached the level of 6900 MW in the year 2008. The photovoltaic power stations are quite popular in Spain and Germany because of their credible performance. Solar thermal power station is also one of the famous stations which mainly operate in USA and Spain. The largest of the solar thermal power station produces 354 MW operated in the Mojave Dessert. The Geysers is the world largest Geothermal Power Station (GPS) which is located in California, with a record or rated capacity of 750 MW (Calpine Corporation The Geysers. Retrieved from http://www.geysers.com). Brazil is the country who has the largest setup program of the renewable energy; it also involves the production of ethanol fuel which has been produced with the help of the sugar cane and the essence of the ethanol provides 18% of the countrys automotive fuel. Apart from the Brazil, ethanol fuel is also amply available in USA, while most of the renewable energy projects and its production on the large scale are also suited to the small off-grid applicat ions which sometimes located in the rural and remote areas, wherein the component of the energy are so essential for the human development (World Energy Assessment (2001). Renewable energy technologies, pg. 221). Kenya is the country which has the worlds highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 30,000 small (20-100 watt) solar power systems sold per year (What Solar Power Needs Now Renewable Energy Access, 13 August 2007). The market of the renewable energy has been envisage a continuous growth but the climate change like the high oil prices and mounting government support are driving spurring renewable energy legislation incentives and commercialization. HYDROPOWER ENERGY: Hydropower is inevitably is the largest source of the renewable energy, which provides 10% of the nations overall electricity. As per estimation, there were over 77,000 Megawatts of hydropower, which are adequate enough to provide energy to 35 million homes. Hydropower energy has been produce with the help of the water. The water has been utilized in this way that its flow will be converting in the hydropower energy. Most of the water which has been utilized for this purpose taken from the rivers or released through turbines to produce enough energy for the global usage. The power source has a great element attached with it, which is the releasing of the population so the ingredients which have been implant in the water will not harm the living beings and also the ocean species. However, scientist endeavors really hard through the latest technology to reduce the loss of marine life from the adverse effects of the energy, but the core problem with the technology is that, it is highly expensive and take a long time to build. Renewable energy technology is improving considerably. The prices of energy have dropped because new vehicles with sophisticated fuel systems and substitute fuels like the Ethanol are being launched and are a way to better technological encroachments. BIOMASS/BIO-ENERGY: As per the estimation and the result of the statistics the biomass construct about 7,000 megawatts of renewable electricity. Biomass fuels come from the forestry like the wood products, agriculture, constructions and transportation. Like the hydropower energy, which can be produce by replace the water into energy, it has also produced by reinstate the coal into the power plant which produces the energy. It has considered producing the energy because it fabricates less sulfur dioxide than coal. The operations of the Mill give the impression to be the chief basis of biomass energy in the U.S.  On the contrary, Europe illustrates its foremost source of bio-energy from urban wood squander.  However, the third world countries make lumber their most important source of the bio-energy. As per the statistics, 11% of the world obtains s its energy from biomass stations.  Developing countries use about 35% of the biomass energy; by contrast the poorest ones use roughly 90%. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: Geothermal energy has the propensity to produce about 2,800 Megawatts of energy each year, or more precisely it can be say that 0.2% of the energy of US as a whole. Geothermal energy is shaped from logically taking place condensation and scorching dampens as of beneath the Earths exterior.  The vapor turns around a turbine, which in revolve powers of an electric generator.  Apart from that, the hot water can also be used to unswervingly heat edifices.  The disadvantage to geothermal energy is that land sites are very hard to find and tremendously rare.  An optimistic fact is that geothermal energy is very cost effective and dependable. WIND ENERGY: Wind energy manufactures a propos 2,500 Megawatts of energy, and engenders a measly .1% of our electricity.  The blustery weather turns blades in the region of a hub, which is allied to the main streak.  The core streak spins the generator.  The extent of turbines is gritty by how much energy is needed.  Miniature wind turbines are frequently used for homes, farms and ranches.  Other ways to use wind energy include grinding grain and pumping water. Wind is classed in categories of 1 through 7, with 7 being the highest and 1 being the lowest.  A good blustery weather source that has a class of 3 or higher is the east shoreline and along the Appalachian Mountains.  North Dakota is an excellent wind source. The drawbacks of wind energy are that again, the technology is very luxurious and unaffordable, the equipment is acknowledged to be earsplitting natural world have been killed by successively into the turbines, and the wind might not be present at convinced period all o ver the year. PHOTOVOLTAICS (PV) CELLS: PHOTOVOLTAICS PV cells generate electrical energy from the sunlight.  Resources used in computer chips are comparable to resources used in PV cells.  These resources soak up the sunlight, which frees the electrons from their atoms and mandates them to produce the electricity. PV cells are enormous because they dont entail high continuation, are very reliable and dependable, and dont produce pollutants. Even though it is better to use renewable energy, we immobile have to use some type of relic fuels.  We can, nevertheless, make the paramount choices, by using normal gas for water heating and power domestic device, which not only is better for the environment, but costs effective as well. The negative aspect to this power resource is that it costs more than other energy sources and tends to work in actual fact only when the sun is immaculate. THE NIGERIAN ENERGY SITUATION From the residence expansion based evaluation description on the Niger Delta Environment, it was acknowledged that water and oil which are the two rich normal resources in the region are the springs and grounds of miserable deficiency. The equivalent can be said about vigor possessions such as gas, coal etc. in Nigeria, which is in huge large quantity, yet there is energy dearth in the country. Climate Change Climate change is like the Sword of Damocles hanging over humanity. It is simply the process by which human emissions of Greenhouse Gases are believed to be causing changes in the Earths climate system. The emission of Green House Gases (mostly from anthropogenic activities) into the atmosphere, turn out to deplete the ozone layer that absorbs/shields the atmosphere of intensive sun radiation and in turn makes the planet earth unduly warm with resultant variations in climate conditions. This phenomenon is known as climate change. It brings about global warming that is responsible for increases in extreme weather conditions, rise in sea level, storms, floods, decrease in rainfalls, droughts, impairment of the ecosystems and its biodiversities which human life depends on, rapidly melting glaciers, destabilization of major ice sheets, desertification, decrease in agricultural produce etc. Government effort Government effort in the area of developing energy sector to the improvement of the poor status quo is on-going as seen in the current legislative process on national energy bill for an act that will lead to the establishment of a national agency that will take charge of regulating, enforcing policies and developing the energy sector in Nigeria. Just as we now have the National Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NNRA), so we hope to have the national energy regulatory agency when the bill is enacted into law. Yet, if we must achieve energy efficiency, gas flaring must not exist and in the face of governments discouraging effort in that direction, much is expected to be done, particularly by the civil society. Although the issuance of deadline for flares-out, January 2008 is reasonable, whereas its commitment to realizing it is absolutely discouraging due to lack of compliance on cash calls to the tune of $4billion (N508 billion) yearly for joint venture projects (JVP). This is due to the fact that the Federal Government through NNPC owns the largest stake in the JVP. The oil/gas sector have since been working on various gas utilization projects, by way of using gas for power generation to, at least, improve epileptic nature of power supply in the country, while some are working on exporting the gas. On Gas-to-Power Project The International Finance Institutions (IFIs) and the World Bank are currently assisting the Agips Kwale Partners Flaring-Reduction to use the natural gas to generate electricity. The project is further supported by Global Gas Flaring Reduction (GGFR) a Public Private Partnership (PPP) project and is to be registered as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project under the Kyoto Protocol. The Kwale Partners Flaring Reduction Project which is 40% stake to Nigerian AGIP and 60% to NNPC, will be the first to put associated natural gas into generating electricity in Nigeria and will eliminate 1.5 million tons of CO2 thus becoming the 10th largest in the 2,160 projects in CDP pipeline of Kyoto Protocol. There are also plans to build a $10billion (N1.27 trillion) gas pipeline network across the Sahara Desert through Niger, Algeria, across the Mediterranean for export of gas from Nigeria to Europe by Shell. In addition to that, the West Africa Gas Pipeline (WAGP) project spearheaded by Ch evron is to also export gas from Nigeria to Benin, Togo and Ghana, with capacity of 75 billion cubit feet a year and would cost $590 million (N74.6 billion). SPDC, NNPC are equally partners in the project. And for Ghana Pipeline stretch, the World Bank has already provided guarantee for $50 million (N6.3 billion) while $75million (N9.5billion) political risk guarantee has also been provided for West African Gas Pipeline Company (WAGPCO) that will operate the project. Chevron has 36.7 % stake in WAGPCO, Shell, Tokoradi Power Company Limited of Ghana, Togolaise de Gaz and Societe Beninoise de Gaz are other shareholders in the company. Impacts and Statistics Meanwhile, United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOOA) in its studies revealed that Nigeria flares 75% of its Natural gas for lack of processing facilities and that amounted to 20% of flared gas Worldwide. Secondly, according to Earth Trend Country Profile 2003, its report on Nigeria shows that Nigeria flares 2.5billion cubic feet per day of associated gas and that represents 40% of all natural gas consumed in the continent of Africa and further represents the single largest sources of GHG emissions on planet earth. On that note the Nigerian Government is doubling its effort in seeking support on how to tackle the issue of flares-out. Presently, the Government is seeking assistance from Norway, while World Bank is presently mediating between it and the Multinational oil/gas companies for a compromise on the ultimatum to end gas flaring January 2008. SUSTAINABLE HOUSING IN NIGERIA: One may perchance be excited to put why accent is being positioned on the housing. Firstly of all mans basic needs, housing questionably, constitutes and incontrovertibly poses the supreme challenge. Secondly, dynamic and lighthearted accommodation sectors are a proposition of a physically powerful curriculum of countrywide investment and are to be sure the groundwork of and the first step to future monetary growth and social development. The unpleasant housing delivery is consequently a most important factor in the nations gross domestic product (GDP) and indeed this reflects the mirror and the gauge of the state of health of the Nation. Financially viable activities are well recognized to include all aspects of human enterprise that are heading for towards the conception of wealth. It is also known that one of the foundations of person needs is to try to find to augment our self worth by civilizing our living standards. Economic growth is therefore a natural hunt in any individual set-up as such enhancements is predictable to lead to amplified wealth and affluence both for individuals and the complete nation. In regulate to restrain the heightened deficiency of sanctuary in the country, the NHP for the period spanning 1994 to 1998 was probable to build 121,000 housing units. In addition, the amount of Licensed Primary Mortgage Finance Institutions (LPMFI) rose from 251 in 1993 to 276 in 1994. However, by the end of 1998, it has declined to 115. Similarly, the Federal Government resources disbursement on somewhere to live increase by over 500 per cent to N4818.3 million in 1995 from N776.7 million in 1988, but deteriorates slightly by about to per cent to N722.0 million in 1998 (CBN 1994 and 1998). The Federal and the State Government were probable to spend N2.7 billion on housing provision during the 1996-8 NRP. Over N3.0 billion was expected to be spending by the two levels of governments during the 1999-2001 NRP (NPC, 1998 and 2000). Regardless of all these interferences and inventions and huge investments in housing requirements since the colonial times and to date, Nigerias housing pr oblems still remain intractable. In fact, access to decent shelter has wretched for increasing segments of the urban population in Nigeria. For instance, it was reported that out of 121,000 housing units be down for to be built between 1994 and 1995, only 1,014 houses were completed (CBN, 1994 and 1998; and Vision 2010 Main Report). Also, it was estimated that about 85 per cent of urban population live in single rooms, and the number of tenants per room range from 8 to 12 with adverse effects on sanitation and health. The deteriorating housing situation in Nigeria, especially at the urban centers is too critical to leave for government to level out alone. Nigeria is the 6th biggest creator of unfinished oil in the privileged confederation known as OPEC, whose members account for over two -third of the worlds total supply of this product. Also the countrys anticipated reserves of natural gas runs into billions of metric tones and the first train of the liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has recently being shipped out with the  construction all fully committed to purchases from abroad. In terms of revenue earning capability and latent, it is worth mentioning that Nigeria to date has realized over S200 billion from crude oil sales. For a country that could blow your own horn of such huge amount of possessions, it is very saddening and disturbing to note that very little of the pay packet have been put into use to boost the fortune of the Housing Industry and infrastructure. The industry should have seen a lot more commotion and government support, in large scale development schemes, and improvement and providing of infrastructure; provision of large scale community housing, creating and getting higher new towns. A superficial look at the present state of the housing condition tells an obtrusive tale of a huge paradox An absurdity of achieving so little with so many donations! A measure of inadequacy of the government that should to provide the lead. And so today the somewhere to live stipulation is in a state of down for the count, neither dying nor living!!! STATUS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN NIGERIA: Wind Energy Potentials Internationally, Nigeria is positioned within short to moderate wind liveliness zone. Ojosu and Salawu (1989) carried out the most inclusive on a national scale study on current of air get-up-and-go accessibility and latent in Nigeria. The revise uses facts on Wind speeds and guidelines for 22 meteorological Stations from the Nigerian Meteorological office, Oshodi near Lagos. The meteorological data are based on the 3-hourly records of wind for periods ranging from 12 to 33 years (1951 1983) The insolvents at 10m heights are drawn and four different wind zones/regimes are identified .The wind energy probable for wind energy consumption in Nigeria is broadly considered (Ojosu and Salawu, 1990). Solar Energy Resources in Nigeria According to Bala et al (2000), Nigeria is gifted with a twelve-monthly normal daily brightness of 6.25 hours, ranging between about 3.5 hours at the coastal areas and 9.0 hours at the far northern boundary (Figure 8). Correspondingly, it has an annual average daily solar emission of about 5.25 KW/m2/day, varying between about 3.5 kWm2/day at the coastal Area and 7.0kW/m2/day at the northern boundary (8). Nigeria accepts on the subject of 4.851x 1012 KWh of energy per day from the sun. This is the same to about 1.082 million tones of oil Equivalent (mtoe) per day, and is about 4 thousand times the current daily crude oil diminution, and about 13 thousand times that of natural gas daily construction based on energy unit. This huge energy resource from the sun is available for about 26% only of the day. The country is also characterized with some cold and dusty impression during the harmattan, in its northern part, for a period of about four months (No vember-February) annually (13). The dust has an attenuating effect on the solar radiation intensity (Bala, et al, 2001). Biogas Energy Resources Akinbami et al (2001)s consideration indicated that in Nigeria, notorious feedstock substrate for an economically reasonable biogas program embraces water lettuee, water hyacinth, dung, cassava leave, urban refuse, solid (including industrial) waste, agricultural residues and sewage. Various farming and domestic animals resources and their coupled residues have the prospective substrates for biogas production in the country. Akinbami et al (2001)s views include the following; Nigeria produces about 227,500 tons of fresh animal wastes daily. Since 1 kilogram (kg) of fresh animal wastes produces about 0.03 m3 gas, then Nigeria can produce about 6.8 million m3 of biogas every day. In addition to all these, 20kg of municipal solid wastes (MSW) per capital has been estimated to be generated within the country annually. By the 1991 census figure of 88.5 million inhabitants, the full amount generated MSW will be at least 1.77 million tones every year. With escalating urbanization and industrialization, the annual MSW generated will maintain to increase. Biogas construction may therefore be a money-spinning means of falling or even eliminate the peril and annoyances of urban waste in many cities by recycle them. REFERENCES:   Abumere S. (1987) Urbanisation and Urban Design in Nigeria in Onibokun A.C,   Olokesusi et al Urban Reveiwal In Nigeria   Agbola Tunde (1998) The Housing of Nigerian: A review of policy development and   Implementation. Research Report No.14.   CBN (1990-1998) Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, Central Bank of Nigeria;   Abuja.   CBN (1993-1997) Statistical Bulletin (Various issues) CBN; Abuja   Falegan S.B. (1985) Housing Finance and Funding: The Nigeria Experience In(ed)   Onibokun, Poju; Housing in Nigeria (A book of reading) NISER.   Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) (1994) Social Statistics in Nigeria FOS; Abuja   Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) (1997) Social Statistics in Nigeria, FOS, Abuja   Federal Office of Statistics(FOS) (1999) Poverty profile for Nigeria (1980-1996) FOS;   Abuja   Federal Ministry of Works And Housing (2001) Publication in Policy News Journal June   4, 2001.   Policy strategies should be targeted towards sustainable, eco-friendly alternative energy sources.   The government should set up the Ministry of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency.   Develop adequate policies with input from the civil society to address renewable energy and energy efficiency   Nigerian government should encourage the use of solar energy to provide electricity for her populace   State government be encourage to generate alternative energy sources Civil society and NGOs must be involved in the planning and implementation of renewable energy and energy efficiency policy   Capacity build should be intensified to empower communities to advocate for renewable energy and energy efficiency   Nigerian government and local NGOs should develop partnership with international agencies to develop renewable energy and energy efficiency   The importation of renewable energy products should be duty free to encourage the development in Nigeria   The government should promote the mapping of renewable energy and energy efficiency centers   Mainstream gender in the energy sector through policy formulation and implementation   The government should increase budgetary allocation to energy sector for research and development of alternative energy in Nigeria   Enhance strategic integration of relevant stakeholders groups into all policies on renewable energy

A Students’ Involvement Encourages Good Grades :: Research Statistics Essays

A Students’ Involvement Encourages Good Grades The Purpose of this Report The purpose of this report is to illustrate that teens that are involved in extra-curricular activities generally get higher grades than those who are not involved in activities. Some of the research for this report was acquired through the Internet and some of it was obtained through surveys of 120 high school students, grades ten through twelve (see Appendix A). All of the sources that talked about this subject suggested that there is a strong positive correlation between extra-curricular activities and good grades. Although some students are different, this has proven true in the general classroom as well as in a high school talented and gifted class, a high school English class, and a high school art class. The main reason that this correlation exists is because of organization skills, parents’ involvement, and the need these students have to excel. Results in the General Classroom It used to be believed by experts that one should study and not play. This is no longer the case, according to Mr. R. Griffin in his article Helping Athletes Excel in Sports and School (23). He suggests that it is important to encourage both academic and extra-curricular performance. In most instances, involvement in extra-curricular activities leads to better grades. According to the University of Michigan, teens that are involved in activities during high school are more likely than teens that didn’t participate in any organized activities to have higher grades as high school seniors and to still be in college six years later (Swanbrow 1). These results were produced at the University of Michigan by tracking 1,259 sophomores for six years. These results also proved to be true in the three individual classrooms that were surveyed. The classes that were surveyed were students in art, talented and gifted, and English at Southeast Polk high school. The results are shown in the f ollowing three paragraphs. High School Talented and Gifted Class A group of students, grades ten through twelve, in the Talented and Gifted program were surveyed to see if the positive correlation between involvement and grades held true. According to this particular survey, it was shown that ninety-six percent of students were involved in extra-curricular activities. These activities ranged from basketball, wrestling, football, swimming and track to National Honors Society, Bible study, speech, drama, and student council. Out of the ninety-six percent of people involved in activities, the average grade point was 3.

Violence on Television Essay -- essays research papers

"There was murderers going around killing lots of people and stealing jewelry." This quote comes from the mouth of an eight year old girl after watching the evening news on television. The eight year old girl claims that she is afraid "when there is a murder near because you never know if he could be in town" (Cullingford, 61). A recent report from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) pools evidence from over 2,500 studies within the last decade on over 100,000 subjects from several nations to show that the compiled evidence of television's influence on behavior is so "overwhelming" that there is a consensus in the research community that "violence on television does lead to aggressive behavior" (Methvin, 49). Given that the majority of scientific community agrees that "the research findings of the NIMH publication support conclusion of a causal relationship between television violence and aggressive behavior" (Wurtzel, 21), why is it that "the Saturday morning "kid vid ghetto" is the most violent time on T.V." (Methvin, 49), and that "despite slight variations over the past decade, the amount of violence on television has remained at consistently high levels" (Wurtzel, 23)? Why is it that, like the tobacco companies twenty years ago, the present day television broadcasting companies refuse to consent that violent films and programming can and do have harmful effects on their viewers (Rowland, 280) What can be done to combat the stubborn minded broadcasting companies and to reduce the amount of violent scenes that infest the current air waves? The television giants of today, such as ABC, CBS, and NBC continue to air violent shows, because they make money off of these programs. In general, society finds scenes of violence "simply exciting" (Feshbach, 12). Broadcasting companies argue that "based on the high ratings, they are giving the public what it wants, and therefore are serving the public interest" (Time, 77). Michael Howe states: "We have to remember that children and adults do enjoy and do choose to watch those programs that contain violence" (48). At the same time, however, we must also remember the undeniable truth that "there is clear evidence between television violence and later aggressive beh... ...Television and the Child. London: Oxford University Press, 1958. Howe, Michael J.A. Television and Children. London: New University Education, 1977. Lowe, Carl, ed. Television and American Culture. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1981. Methvin, Eugene H. "T.V. violence: the shocking new evidence." Reader's Digest Jan. 1983: 49-54. Milavsky, Ronald J., Ronald C. Kessler, Horst. H. Stipp, and William S. Rubens. Television and Aggression. Orlando: Academic Press Inc., 1982. Palmer, Edward L. Children and the Faces of Television. New York: Academic Press Inc., 1980. Pearl, David. "Violence and Aggression" Society Sept.-Oct. 1984: 17-23. Rowland, Willard D. Jr. and Horace Newcomb. The Politics of T.V. Violence. Sage Publications Inc., 1983. Feshbach, Seymour and Robert D. Singer. Television and Aggression. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc., 1971. Skornia, Harry J. Television and Society. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1965. Time. "Warning from Washington: Violence on Television is Harmful to children." May 17, 1982: 77. Wurtzel, Alan, and Guy Lometti. "Researching Television Violence." Society Sept.-Oct. 1984: 22-31.

The History Boys Comedy Essay

The History Boys Essay 13. â€Å"Brilliantly funny†¦. but by the end, tears are as near as laughter. † To what extent can we read The History boys as comedy? One of the key factors that makes the History Boys such an iconic play is its witty comedic effect throughout the entire book. Using various techniques, such as parody, contrasting characters and clever juxtapositions within the plot, intelligent metaphors, bathos and many more.But at first glance the history boys could seem a typical dramatic themed book with a group of characters restricted almost entirely to a single location and a short period of time however looking deeper into the play you begin to notice the comedy reveal before your eyes. Within Hector’s French lesson, the juxtaposition of Hector’s character immediately contrasts that of the headmasters as soon as he walks in.Hector’s strangeness and open-minded character contrasted with the headmaster’s strict adherence to rules, regulations and formality with Hector interrupting the headmaster’s dialogue â€Å"Mr Hector, I hope I’m not. . . † with the informal gesture that is â€Å"an admonitory finger. † The use of the â€Å"admonitory† there comically reverses the power balance between the two characters, with Hector playfully showing that he has authority in his lessons, much to the shock of the headmaster who feels both humiliated and challenged enough to try and speak French and keep up with the students.The Headmaster finds difficulty in speaking French, having to hesitate and show non- fluency features in â€Å"Pourqoui cet garcon . . . Dakin , isn’t it? . . .est sans ses trousers? † having to switch back to English with simple words â€Å"trousers† for lack of knowledge showing low confidence which brings amusement to the boys and to the audience. The headmaster is a subject of mockery because of his unlikable character.This unlikable character is emphasised later in the book with the Headmaster using the word â€Å"silliness† to describe the exercise that Hector had made the boys take part in and then taking back what he had said, saying â€Å"not silliness† showing that he is hypocritical with what he says to the boys in order to encourage them with their studies, which he only says to allow himself to have his school higher up in the league tables â€Å"Yes, yes. I know that, Dorothy. But I am thinking league tables. Furthermore the fact the French scene is allowed to go ahead in lessons demonstrates the boys and Hector are willing to cheekily challenge and mock authority figures with their intelligence, all knowing French to a better degree than the Headmaster. The use of â€Å"ma tante! † creates bathos for the pretend character with â€Å"tante† showing desperation for ideas to keep the lie going. The following questioning â€Å"sa tante? † by the Headmaster and Timms’ repl y of â€Å"la famille entiere† as if the headmaster missed something embarrassingly obvious adds to the comedy because the boys team up with each other to justify and ridicule the headmaster.Irwin’s unexpected input of â€Å"Il est commotionne, peut-etre? † is another example of Bennett’s clever character juxtapositions but also of using unexpected events to contrast what was being done before it, with the stage directions of â€Å"the classroom falls silent† suggesting that the boys’ found it rude and out of place for Irwin to but in. The language â€Å"fall silent† contrasts with the hectic and the loud situation that occurred before it, using Irwin’s awkwardness to change the tone of the scene. Hector not knowing what the word means and using the interrogative â€Å"comment? † adds to this awkwardness.There are many important scenes throughout this book where you can feel the comedy seeping through even though some ma y say it shouldn’t be used while writing about certain topics, including the scene in which Hector and the Head master are discussing the matter of â€Å"a man†¦fiddling. † In this scene I really agree with the question in whether the history boys is seen as a comedy as you can’t help but thinking Bennet may have used some of the characters personality traits to bring a humorous feel to a dark subject but not to make an audience laugh out loud necessary but instead to make them feel uncomfortable with inappropriate laughter. Ah think† Hector once again in the book uses his quick wit and intelligence to frustrate the headmaster giving a sarcastic response to a question the headmaster clearly wants answering and for him not to use his poetry and intelligence to get him out of a situation as he normally would do so. â€Å"I have no idea. What women know or don’t know has always been a mystery to me. † using the word women hector tries to re late to the audience and make a remark about men and women in general, suggesting that does any man know what women do or don’t know which may have been intended to make the audience laugh and leave them wondering hy Hector isn’t taking this matter seriously and is instead making jokes, showing how time and having a modern audience viewing this brings shock to us as issues such as this would been taking much more seriously and probably involved police but the headmaster is more worried about how the school may come across if he has to fire Hector then the actual behaviour that he has displayed â€Å" I do not want to sack you. It’s so untidy. The use of historically details of a war battle is another way Bennett creates humour in the play but is also Bennet showing off how the boys will use their intelligence in almost all situations even sex, using â€Å"around 23:00 hours our forces withdrew† as metaphorical euphemisms for Dakin’s activities wit h Fiona, here bennet uses contrast in showing the not so exciting historical details with the exciting details of his own sex life. Bathos is applied when Dakin breaks off from his metaphor and uses the word â€Å"tits† and then cuts back into using his military jargon such as â€Å"front-line troops† and â€Å"territory. As Dakin goes further and further into detail Scripps makes a final comment on the matter â€Å"I can’t take any more. Enough† adds a final touch of humour to the matter as the audience can tell that Scripp’s is both jealous and disgusted at what he is hearing. Also highlighting the fact that he is deeply religious but also a teenager and the contradiction between the two of wanting to have sex and not wanting to displease God by doing so. The use of a historical metaphor is showing just how the boys will use anything that they can to make an intelligent joke.One of the history boy’s many strengths is its portrayal of the various individuals in the play. Using extremely contrasting personalities emphasizes the individuality and purpose of each character. One character that specifically stands out is Dakin, possibly the most socially dominant boy of the class and one of the most comical characters, helping the history boys to be seen as a comedy rather then a drama. Dakin is popular boy in his class, even in the whole school. He is, extremely witty.He is the most complicated and mysterious character throughout the play and only shows what’s on the surface, he does not show his emotions but his main purpose is to use his wit and desire to entertain and amuse the people around him. Even Mrs. Lintott says that he is â€Å". † Instead of being bad or naughty like normal teenagers, he plays with others and tests the people around him to create a comedic effect. We can see it through his â€Å"love† story. Even though he has a relationship with Fiona, a chool staff, he flirts with Irwin for he thinks that Irwin might be homosexual and would like to go out having some drink with him he might be bisexual yet, he does that just for fun, just for saying thank to Irwin, and just for answering his curiosity about Irwin’s way of life. There is also another funny scene later on in the play where the boys receive a piece of work from Irwin. Dakin is annoyed to find he hasn’t receives a good mark off his teacher which he longs to impress.Scripps comments on how his writing has changed to be like Irwin’s, Dakin denies it but then Posner, who has always had a crush on him, says â€Å"you copy him and I know because I copy you. † It shows another comedic moment in the book because it shows how Posner’s complete obsession with Dakin And how the other boys can just dismiss this behaviour as normal to them suggesting that the environment they grow up in has a lot of unusual behaviour in it.This is fundamentally a very funny book. The level of qu ickness of wit displayed definitely suggest that the history boys is a comedy with no doubt and that Bennets main aim was to show the lifestyle of A level adolescents making their final steps to adulthood before university with many serious and controversial subjects throughout using humour to allow these matters to be downplayed and create a fascinating and a memorable book. WORD COUNT : 1499 (minus the title and question quote)

Malthusian View Relevant Today?

â€Å"Malthusian views of the relationship between population and food remain relevant today. † Discuss this statement. According to Malthusian theory of population, population increases in a geometrical ratio, whereas food supply increases in an arithmetic ratio. This imbalance would lead to widespread poverty and starvation, which would only be checked by natural occurrences such as disease, high infant mortality, famine, war or moral restraint. However, this theory is wrong in circumstances now, because it only considered two factors—food and population. But these two factors can be overcome by different ways.Other factors such as improvements in technology proved him wrong. He was right at his time but development made him wrong. If it wasn't for outside influences on population growth and food supply, his mathematical reasoning which proved his theory and was right. Firstly, as I had just said, food production has increased in many different ways, unimaginable in M althus’ time. For one, food technology has rapidly improved. The emergence of Genetically Modified food (GM Food) has boosted food production greatly. GM crops can be planted even in the most undesirable places, in low developed countries like Africa and Brazil.GM crops are also enhanced so that they are pest resistant, hence increasing crop yield. From this you can already see that GM crops cannot only increase food production, living standard can also be increased. Food production has also been increased by draining marshlands, reclaiming land from the sea, cross-breeding of cattle, use of high-yielding varieties of crops, terracing slopes, growing crops in greenhouses, using more sophisticated irrigation techniques such as hydroponics, growing new food such as soya, making artificial fertilizers, farming native crop and animal species, and fish farming.From this, you can see that although population has maybe exceeded the â€Å"optimum†, there is no decrease in food supply and living standard. Moreover, concerning the aspect of population, there are actually many means of population control nowadays that weren’t there in Malthus’ time, resulting in a slowing momentum of population growth. Firstly, there is the use of birth control methods, such as condoms, contraceptive pills, and abortion. These methods are common and widely used, and also easy to access. This way, the population can be controlled through the number of births.There is also the increased education among people for safe sex, so couples will not conceive â€Å"surprise babies† and can effectively limit the number of births as well. Moreover, the status of women has changed. Women are now of a higher position than in Malthus’ time, and they will not be as likely as before have babies. This is because they have other things in mind, mostly their work, than raising a child or having a family. Migration is also made possible globally nowadays due to commu nication and technology (i. . transport), resulting in a more balanced spread of people and hence lowering the chance of a place having too few food and too many people. In conclusion, I do not agree with the statement above. It may have made sense in the time of Thomas Malthus, but it is not relevant in modern times because many things have advanced in a momentum that Malthus has not been able to predict, especially in terms of technology and gender equality. So to make it clear, I don't think the statement is correct.

Despite Proctors Essay

Another character introduced in Act two is Mary Warren. She is extremely important to the Act as she is what makes the connection between village life and the sentencing that is happening at the courts, and with the proctor household. She is the one who tells us that there have been thirty-nine arrests. When she first arrives in Act two we find that she has defied the orders of John and Elizabeth by going to the court. When told that she must not return she rebels using the excuse â€Å"I am an official of the court†. This is a fine example of how the hysteria of witchcraft has affected the everyday life in the community of Salem. Mary is a servant within the proctor household; she is paid nine pounds a year to ‘keep the house’. She is not in a position to rebel against the word of Elizabeth or John, and under normal circumstances would not do so. We know that this is peculiar behaviour because of Elizabeth’s reply to Proctor, when asked why she had let Mary go to the court. Elizabeth says ‘She frightened all my strength away †¦ I forbid her to go, and she raises up her chin like the daughter of a prince and says to me, ‘I must go to Salem, Goody Proctor’. It is clear to us now just how much the affair between Proctor and Abigail influences the current events and the events that are to follow. Mary also plays another role within Act two; she portrays to us the amount of hate that Abigail holds for Elizabeth. When she reveals that she saved the life of Elizabeth in court, as her name had been mentioned among the accused. ‘I saved her life today’. She refuses to say by whom, ‘I am bound by law, I cannot tell’ but it is obvious to the reader and to Elizabeth that Abigail Williams is the accuser. This shows Abigail’s malicious hate as by accusing Elizabeth she is striving towards an eventual execution. Elizabeth who is a smart woman anticipates this intense hate long before she discovers she has been accused and she says to John referring to Abigail ‘and thinks to kill me, then to take my place’. Another reason that proves Mary’s importance to Act two is that she illustrates to us the extremity of power that Abigail and the girls have. Throughout Act two Mary’s speech and stage directions imply a weak and feeble character. ‘With a trembling decaying voice’ ‘she has been edging towards offstage’. It is apparent that she is constantly subject to the bullying of Proctor and that she gives into his bullying one hundred percent of the time. Yet in the last few pages of Act Two, Proctor, using violence is trying to persuade Mary to testify in court against Abigail to save his wife. Despite Proctors violent advances ‘grasping her by the throat as though he would strangle her’ Mary sobs ‘I cannot, I cannot’. This shows Mary’s new changed belief that Abigail and the girls are more powerful and fearful than the man she has worked for and feared for so long. This event also marks the start of the loss of power John Proctor suffers from throughout the rest of the play. ‘The Crucible’ plays host to many themes. The theme of tyranny (when a situation or person controls how you are able to live in an unfair way) is shown mainly by Abigail’s power over the girls, and their power over the people of Salem. By confessing to witchcraft, and publicly announcing their sudden devotion to God, and desperation to do his will, they give themselves great power over society. Abigail’s word becomes unassailable as does the word of the other girls. With this power they were able to control the rest of the Salem by fear. Another way in which Tyranny is shown is Proctors initial control over Mary. As she enters the scene she is greeted by Proctor with the words ‘I’ll whip you if you dare leave this house again’. Mary is undoubtedly afraid of Proctor as he appears an extremely violent man to her. At the end of the Act Proctor uses violence yet again to get his own way, we know from Act three that she eventually does go to the court and testify. Another theme that is apparent in Arthur Millers ‘The Crucible’ is fear. Every character in ‘The Crucible’ is subjected to fear at some point within the story line, not just those who are accused. Those who are not accused fear that the sins of their friends and associates may taint their names and cause them to be found guilty of witchcraft: A key example of this is Parris’s fear that the actions of Abigail and the rumours of witchcraft that surround his daughters coma will cost him his title as reverend. Those who are accused must face the fear, of being hung, they must also decide whether their fear of being hung, is greater than their fear of breaking one of the Ten Commandments by lying to save themselves. The different characters show their fear in various ways; the most interesting would be Proctor, whose fear is not for himself but for his wife. This differs from the fear of Francis Nurse and Giles Corey who’s wives are also accused, as Proctor is having to balance the fear of the death of his wife, with the fear, or more the realisation that the death of his wife could be on his hands as she stands accused because of the malicious jealousy aroused within in Abigail when he finished their affair. He is also under pressure as he knows that he can put a stop to the girls’ accusations and save his wife by blackening his own name and admitting his lechery with Abigail. Proctor expresses this pressure with his line to Mary, ‘My wife will never die for me! I will bring your guts into your mouth but that goodness will not die for me! ‘ Another character subject to fear is the wife of John Proctor, Elizabeth. Elizabeth fears for her relation with John. Though they love each other very much their relationship has been scarred by the affair between Abigail and Proctor. She like Mary is also frightened of the power that Abigail possesses. As she knows that it is enough to condemn her to death. When she is taken by Cheever and Herrick we know she is scared as John says to her ‘Fear nothing Elizabeth. ‘ and her next line is said (as indicated by stage direction) ‘with great fear’. Another character who is apparent to fear is Mary. From the moment she enters the scene she is subject to fear. First the fear of John as he violently question’s her and makes to whip her ‘I’ll whip the devil out of you’. Next the fear of incriminating herself or Elizabeth when Cheever and Herrick turn up at the house and she is called downstairs for questioning, and finally when she is once again being bullied by proctor to testify in court: here she is not only scared of Proctor but of what the girls and Abigail will do if she does turn on them. ‘(in terror): I cannot, they’ll turn on me’